PROPOSITION 218 Essays - Property Taxes, Politics Of California

Recommendation 218 Presentation California voters have spoken once more. On November 6, they passed (56%) Proposition 218, denoting the proceeded with monetary conservatism of the state's electorate and their dissatisfaction with what has been described as the presumption and wastefulness of government. (SF Chronicle Staff, SF Chronicle: 11/6/96). As Bob Therrien of Ventura expressed in his letter to the LA Times Prop 13 and Prop 218 are the immediate aftereffect of citizen maltreatment by our chosen authorities. Its time for government to do some genuine soul-looking with regards to its obligations, including the privilege of the individuals to have least meddlesome government. (Therrien, LA Times, 10/13/96). There are two essential political effects of Prop 218. The first is to take the ability to impose charges and evaluations out of the hands of nearby government and put it under the control of the general people, and the second is to fortify the control of the State government over nearby issues. Fundamentally, joined with Prop 13, nearby government authorities have been told by its populace - here's a level of duties, expenses, charges and evaluations you can gather from us without approaching our authorization for more. Precisely, this is to some degree weakening in light of the fact that getting voter endorsement is a moderate and, regularly, costly procedure. The timetable of decisions doesn't take into account a fast enough reaction to manage the speed of the present requests. An a valid example has just happened in the City of Inglewood where the City has pulled back its proposal to help money a games field since Prop 218 took out charges expected to bolster this exertion and it would not have the option to go before its voters until April 1997. This has given the City of Los Angeles an advantage in getting another games office at its midtown Convention Center and may cause Inglewood to lose both the Lakers and the Kings, which would bring about a critical negative budgetary effect. (Belgum and Merl, LA Times: 11/8/96).! In another model, the City of South Pasadena chose to drop an uncommon political race for an utility assessment which was planned for December and would have cost $25,000. (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 9/20/96). The LA Times, in a post-political decision article raised an intriguing moment that it said the council and the representative must deal with the immense new weights put on neighborhood governments... Sacramento, presently flush with incomes, should help take care of the issue by reestablishing property charge incomes to nearby government. (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 11/7/96). Albeit a potential transient arrangement, it gives the State government an extra degree of control of neighborhood government activity (the other brilliant guideline - he who has the gold guidelines) and, in actuality, legitimately negates one of the aims of Prop 218's supporters of placing more control in the possession of the neighborhood populace. It is my conclusion that Prop 218 is another part of a creating pattern toward a realignment of American society away from an agent popular government toward a longing for a general majority rule government (regardless of whether this will truly work is another issue through and through). It is a piece of the populace's method of saying to both chosen and delegated government authorities that administration has lost its trust. Foundation In 1978, the California electorate passed Prop 13 which set property charges at a greatest pace of 1% of the property's evaluated worth and restricted yearly appraisal increments to 2% until the property is sold, at which time the appraisal changes with deals cost, or there is development or upgrades to the property. Prop 13 additionally requires endorsement of 66% of the Legislature to raise state expenses and 66% of the neighborhood voters to raise unique assessments. Since the entry of Prop 13, nearby government and the State Legislature have formulated various approaches to money their activities. These have included expanding the utilization of evaluations from capital explicit to income general, extending the utilization of Community Facilities Districts to charge expenses citywide, and charging client type expenses and assessments (for example - utility, inn inhabitance). In spite of the fact that tested various occasions in court, California courts have, by and large, maintained these practices. As per legal advisors at O'Melveny and Myers (a significant California law office which speaks to numerous nearby governments), after a

Human Resource Planning Essay

Goals of HRP: †¢To enroll and hold the human asset of required amount and quality. †¢To anticipate the effect of innovation on work, existing representatives and future human asset necessities, addressing the requirements of the projects of development, broadening and to assess the expense of HR. †¢To improve the guidelines, aptitudes, information, capacity, discipline and so forth. †¢To survey the overflow or deficiency of HR and take gauges in like manner in this manner limiting the unevenness. †¢To keep up amiable mechanical connection by keeping up ideal level and structure of HR. Procedure of Human Resource Planning: 1. Breaking down Corporate Level Strategies: †Human Resource Planning starts with investigating corporate level procedures which incorporate extension, broadening, mergers, acquisitions, decrease in activities, innovation to be utilized, strategy for creation and so on. 2. Request anticipating: †Forecasting the general human asset prerequisite as per the authoritative plans is one of the key parts of interest determining. Estimating of nature of HR like abilities, information, qualities and capacities required notwithstanding amount of HR is done. 3. Breaking down Human Resource Supply: †Every association has two wellsprings of gracefully of Human Resources: Internal and External. Inside, HR can be acquired for specific posts through advancements and moves. When the future interior gracefully is evaluated through human asset review, flexibly of outer HR is broke down. 4. Assessing labor holes: †Manpower holes are distinguished by contrasting interest and gracefully figures. Such correlation will uncover either shortfall or excess of Human Resources later on. Workers evaluated to be insufficient can be prepared while representatives with higher, better abilities might be given more enhanced employments. 5. Activity Planning: †Once the labor holes are distinguished, plans are set up to connect these holes by redeployment of surplus labor. Individuals might be convinced to stop deliberately or conserved. Shortage can be met through enrollment, determination, move and advancement. Considering deficiency of certain gifted representatives, the association needs to take care of enlistment as well as maintenance of existing workers. 6. Changing authoritative plans: †If future flexibly of HR from all the sources is assessed to be lacking or not exactly the necessity, the association ought to think about adjustments or alterations in the hierarchical plans.

Response To Americas Altered States Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Reaction To Americas Altered States Reaction to America's Altered States Joshua Wolf Shenk brings various provocative contentions up in this paper managing the way of life of medications in America. He dismisses the simple responses to inquiries of medication misuse and looks for more profound philosophical significance. His principle postulation raises a fascinating point: America is dependent on both unlawful and legitimate medications. Shenk then endeavors to deliver questions identifying with this point. For what reason are Americans so subject to drugs? What makes a medication fortunate or unfortunate? Shenk comes to no unmistakable end results, yet carries numerous troublesome inquiries to the surface. Americans must distinguish the philosophical reasons of why we want the impacts drugs produce, so as to shape a contemplated supposition on the medication issue of this nation. It is hard to respond to a paper with such a significant number of various focuses, however by and large, I concur that America is dependent on a wide range of medications. I additionally imagine this is an issue, which doesn't have any simple answers. The economy has a ton to do with expanding our reliance on drugs. The inquiries at the base of this ethical difficulty are not effortlessly replied. For what reason do people long for escape from themselves? Is it as a result of the absence of satisfaction present day society gives? Or then again is it part of human instinct, free of time or spot? I don't have the responses to these inquiries, however I do accept that scanning for this break in drugs isn't right. Reliance on a compound of any sort is hindering to one's prosperity. That is the reason I avoid most medications in any conditions. They just do not merit crushing myself for the momentary advantages. List of sources Joshua WOlf Schenk, Americas ALtered States Social Issues

Steroids In Sports, Free Essay Sample

Ethical, Health, and Professional Issues Associated with the Use Steroids in Sports Introduction Steroids, which fall under a category of drugs known as ergogenic aids, are performance enhancers, or any substances that give the user a physical or mental advantage while competing or exercising. Steroids work by inducing or sustaining increased cellular and muscle activity, which in turn boosts the user’s physical performance. The use of ergogenic aid, especially anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS’s) is popular in sports, and it includes energy drinks, caffeine, and illegal substances. Steroids are derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, and its function in the body is to increase metabolism and boost energy output and muscle strength, power, and endurance. Endogenous steroids (testosterone hormone) have a normal range in the body, and drug testing involves checking for results that are outside the normal range than the body produces on its own. A person tests positive when the amount of hormones in the blood stream exceeds what is considered normal. History of Steroids Use in Sports Steroids have their roots in the medical community, where they were originally used to treat various health conditions. Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as treatment for hypogonadism, a medical condition in which the male and female reproductive organs (testes and ovaries, respectively) produces insufficient testosterone for normal growth and sexual functioning. Symptoms of this condition include delayed growth of beards and pubic hair. Accordingly, steroids were used to treat medical conditions like impotence and delayed puberty. Later they found usage in inhibiting the wasting of the body muscles due to HIV infection and other diseases (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2006). In the treatment of impotence, steroids were used to reverse the Klinefelter’s syndrome, a condition where a male has an extra X chromosome, and which was associated with reduced infertility. Use in Sports and Physical Exercises Steroids found their use in sports in the 1960s when professional athletes found out that the male hormone testosterone can enhance performance. Their use became known as â€Å"doping,† in reference to the idea of using performance enhancers to cheat about one’s true performance levels and have an advantage over other competitors. The issue of doping in sports gained prominence following the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) investigation confessions by former professional athletes, and the 2007 and 2014 revelations about doping in the professional baseball, and within Russia’s Olympic Team, respectively (CNN, 2017). These revelations raised serious ethical issues about the integrity and professionalism of competitive sports in light of the unfair performance advantage that dopers gain over their rivals. For example, steroids give energy and muscle strength boost for athletes who compete in weight lifting, sprinting and throwing events. There have also bee n cases of widespread use in physically taxing sports such as Rugby and American Football, boxing and body building. Steroids are popular in these sports because they enhance physical body changes that aid performance, such as increased muscle bulk, increased muscle strength and quick muscle recovery after exerting physical activity. Ethical and Professional Issues Associated with Steroid Use The concept of anabolic essentially refers to body tissues involved in increasing body mass and muscles (New York State Dept. of Health, 2008). Accordingly, using anabolic steroids has the effect of increasing body mass by imitating the action of the body’s natural male hormone, testosterone. Despite these physical changes, steroids do not improve the user’s skill or agility, which are the hallmarks of true sportsmanship. There are many other naturally endowed qualities that determine athletic ability and competence, such as body size, sex, age, and genetics, and of course in addition to training. The use of steroids creates an unfair advantage to users not only because their positive effects are not available to everyone, but also because they do not reflect one’s sporting skills and true competence. At the same time, steroid use has been associated with a number of negative side effects that endanger the health of users. These include decreased sex drive and sperm production, liver disorders, alopecia (baldness), increased cholesterol levels, development of oversized mammary glands in men, interference with the menstrual cycle in females, and increased aggression and mood swings. Of serious concern, however, are the mental effects of long term use of steroids. The negative mental impact of steroids stems from the fact that they do not just make users stronger and faster in physical competitions. In addition, they give users what is known as â€Å"the feeling of a runner’s high† (New York State Dept. of Health, 2008). They make physical exercising to feel good, and it is here that a user’s addictive potential lies since they must use steroids to enjoy physical workouts. Moreover, rehabilitating addicted users poses another challenge in terms of the withdrawal symptoms associated with discontinuation of use. When former addicts stop using anabolic steroids, for example, their bodies ceases the production of androgens and experiences testosterone deficiency, which is associated with brain aging (Holowchak, 2002). Consequently, people who are addicted can exhibit depressive symptoms when they stop using steroids, which makes it difficult to completely stop the habit. To this end, it is arguable whether legalizing the use of ergogenic aid will help to address the problem of doping in professional sports. The aim of preventing doping is not really to limit athletes’ performance to normal limits, but to create a fair playing ground for all participants. Competitive sport is essentially about performance enhancement (Holowchak, 2002, p. 75). It will be counterproductive, in this regard, to seek to limit performance levels. Indeed, it is perfectly okay to improve one’s performance by eating energy foods and vitamins supplements, which could give users an edge over others. The argument that using ergogenic aid does not reflect one’s skill falls on its head when one considers that weight lifters use wrist wraps to strengthen and stabilize their wrists while lifting. The same is seen in basket balls and volleyball, where athletes seek to boost their performance by using wrist wraps. Moreover, the design of shoes and clothing used in sports is intended to optimize performance. Why then, is the use of anabolic steroids a big issue? The argument by opponents is that steroids have long term negative health effects, and that they create an unfair advantage to users (Katz, 2008). If they were legitimized, the issue of unfair advantage will not exist. In any case, it is hypocritical to encourage the use of vitamins supplements and condemn ergogenic aids. The health issue is also contentious due to lack of sufficient empirical evidence regarding its harmful long term effects. According to Norman Fost, professor of pediatrics and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin, anabolic steroids have undesirable effects such as baldness, voice changes and infertility, but they do not present life-threatening risks like sporting itself, yet sports are not prohibited. He states that â€Å"The number of deaths from playing professional football and college football are 50 to 100 times higher than even the wild exaggerations about steroids, and more people have died playing baseball than have died of steroid use† (Katz, 2008). This view suggests that if risk and harm are the reasons for condemning the use of steroids, then some sports like baseball should be prohibited. To conclude, steroid use is prevalent in competitive sporting due to the commercialization of professional athletics. Their use raises ethical, moral and professional issues regarding the integrity of the sports and the negative long term impact on users. Given the controversy surrounding the argument for fairness and health risks, steroids should be banned on grounds of integrity. People compete to demonstrate skill, agility, and competence, and not mere performance. Steroids create a false impression about one’s competence, and should therefore be banned. References CNN. (May 2017). Performance enhancing drugs in sports fast facts. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/06/us/performance-enhancing-drugs-in-sports-fast-facts/index.html Holowchak, A. M. (2002). Ergogenic aids and the limits of human performance in sports: Ethical issues, aesthetic considerations. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 29(1), 75-86.  Katz, J. (2008, January). Should we accept steroid use in sports? ntelligence Squared U.S. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2008/01/23/18299098/should-we-accept-steroid-use-in-sports National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2006, August). What are anabolic steroids? Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/anabolic-steroid-abuse/what-are-anabolic-steroids New York State Dept. of Health. (2008, March.). Anabolic steroids and sports: Winning at any cost. Narcotics enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/Oksman, O. (2016 July). Russian Olympic teams drug usage could have long term effects on athletes health. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/28/russian-olympic-rio-team-drug-steroids-health-effects

Why the 1st Amendment Is the Best - 1142 Words

Amendment Essay By: Christina Ramler Neil Gaiman once said, â€Å"The current total of countries in the world with First Amendments is one. You have guaranteed the freedom of speech. Other countries don’t have that.† At the time of the amendments’ creation, a vast majority of operating countries had not yet granted their people such freedoms. Granting every citizen of the United States this right seemed to have been an important landmark in this nation’s history. Along with others, this right is declared to the people in the first amendment of the constitution. The first amendment is the most important because it grants people freedom of speech, prohibits prior restraint, and declares the right to peaceable assembly. The first amendment†¦show more content†¦This opposing argument is very much invalid. Though they have limitations, the freedom of speech and the first amendment are still very important to this country. These limits help to keep only the truth in pu blic broadcasting and publishing. An example is if a news station does a report that is slanderous, the authorities may act accordingly to declare their lies unconstitutional. The freedom of speech is a privilege to have, and cannot be taken advantage of by telling lies. The first amendment is still very important, and the limitations it has on the freedom of speech help to keep only the truth in the public. Another opposing argument against the first amendment’s importance is the fact that by having no prior restraint in the public, there is a possibility of the people learning about something that they should not know. An example would be the possibility of a terrorist attack. If word leaks out of the possibility of an attack, the country may go into a state of havoc and chaos due to their worry. Some argue that in this situation it may be beneficial to have some sort of prior restraint on the news. Due to the possibility of worrying news leaked to the public, it degrades t he importance of the first amendment because it shows that there is a need for some prior restraint in the government. This lowers the importanceShow MoreRelated Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition Essay examples767 Words   |  4 Pagesof Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition There are three main reasons why we have or need our Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. First, the 1st Amendment gives us our independence. Second, it also gives us the right to express ourselves. Last but not least, it allows people to express themselves without constraint by the government. The 1st Amendment is a very essential freedom that everyone should be entitled to. 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The democratic views are expressed through the judges because while t hey hold powerful titles, they too are human and interpret situations as they best see fit and as long as it adheres to the Constitution. Therefore, despite the ideas of why judicial review is a problem, the action of judges being able to utilize that privileged is important to the structure of the government. The exercise of judicial review was first institutionalized intoRead MoreUniversal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons1293 Words   |  6 Pagescoverage would be increased tremendously, costs would be reduced, jobs would be created, and consumers would be protected. Conversely, it will also raise taxes and wait times, lead to a smaller number of doctors, and infringe on some employers’ 1st amendment rights. Presenting both arguments for and against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act allows one to draw a conclusion on whether the new program will benefit or hinder the citizens of the United States. 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What about those who argue that uniforms are an infringement of the 1st Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America? Well, the Long Beach city school district allows parents to exempt their children from the uniform requirement. However, only 500 parents or guardians have done so. Why? For one because of the above statistics argues Portner and also because it prevents the association of gang colors, whether accidental

Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah and the Flood Essay

Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah and the Flood It is said that life is 10% what you make it and 90% how you take it. It is not the circumstances of life that determine a persons character. Rather, it is the way a character responds to those circumstances that provides a display of who he is. From the Epic of Gilgamesh, as translated by N.K. Sandars, and Noah and the Flood from the Book of Genesis, both Gilgamesh and Noah face similar circumstances, but don’t always respond to them the same way. Accepting immortality and the ultimate powerlessness to be in control of deaths inevitability is something that both Gilgamesh and Noah encounter. Gilgamesh faces the death of his closest companion, Enkidu, with†¦show more content†¦Both Gilgamesh and Noah build arks because of an impending devastation of the earth by rain and flooding. Shamash had warned, In the evening, when the rider of the storm sends down the destroying rain, enter the boat and batten her down. (p. 147) God told Noah, For in seven days time I will make it rain upon the earth, forty days and forty nights, and I will blot out from the earth all existence that I created. (p. 172) Both boats were built to detailed specifications in order to withstand the torrents of rain. Following the cessation of the rain, both Noah and Gilgamesh send out birds as a test of the recession of the waters so that they can safely exit onto the land. Gilgamesh sends first a dove, then a swallow, and then a raven, who, †¦saw that the waters had retreated, she ate, she flew around, she cawed, and she did not come back. (p. 148) Noah first sends a raven which, †¦went to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. (p. 173) He then sends a dove that returns to the ark having found no resting place. After seven days Noah again sends the dove which returns with an olive leaf in its bill. Then Noah knew that the waters had decreased on the earth. He waited still another seven days and sent the dove forth; and it did not return to him any mor e. (p. 173) Both Noah and Gilgamesh, immediately upon leaving their boats, make a sacrifice. Gilgamesh says, Then I threw everything open toShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Gilgamesh And Noah818 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Tower of Babel. However, I will focus on the Epic of Gilgamesh, comparing and contrasting it to the Biblical narrative of Noah. While both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical narrative of Noah explore a global flood, there are key differences in their use of gods and the specific details of the flood. Gilgamesh and the Biblical narrative of Noah seem to parallel each other. First, both have a significant protagonist, Utnapishtim and Noah. Both of them built a boat of some kind, and theyRead MoreGilgamesh VS â€Å"Genesis†: Noah and the Flood1121 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Religion is about turning untested belief into unshakable truth through the power of institutions and the passage of time- Richard Dawkins†. We all know the breath taking story of the Genesis flood, but have we ever noticed how similar it is to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Genesis is the story of how one God created mankind, along with everything else on Earth, and what punishments he put upon them when they acted wrong .Genesis is a chapter in the Holy Bible, which was written in the 18th century B.CRead MoreFlood, Atrahasis Flood And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Flood1354 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the Genesis Flood, Atrahasis Flood and the Epic of Gilgamesh flood, there are many different ways to inte rpret the different views of The Flood. These different narratives in these stories have their own explanation on how this myth took place and the different beliefs that occurred during this flood. The way you portray each narrative is based on what exactly your beliefs are. When comparing the Genesis Flood narrative to that of the Gilgamesh Flood narrative, there are many similarRead More Two Great Floods - The Bible and Epic of Gilgamesh Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Great Floods In both the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh the God or Gods create a flood to destroy mankind. In Gilgamesh,the Gods decide something needs to be done because the humans are being loud and disturbing the Gods. In the Bibles version of the flood story, God regrets creating mankind because the humans have become evil God chooses Noah and his family to start a new beginning. In the Bible God becomes regretful of creating mankind because he sees that they are wicked and theyRead More Flood in Epic of Gilgamish and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Flood in The Epic of Gilgamish and The Bible The story of the great flood is probably the most popular story that has survived for thousands of years and is still being retold today.   It is most commonly related within the context of Judeo-Christian tradition.   In the Holy Bible, the book of Genesis uses the flood as a symbol of Gods wrath as well as His hope that the human race can maintain peace and achieve everlasting salvation.   The tale of Noahs Ark begins with Gods expressionRead More Comparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bibles Noahs Ark642 Words   |  3 PagesComparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and Noahs Ark Many cultures have stories of a great flood, and probably the best known story is of Noahs Ark. The next most notable is the Sumerian story of Ut-Napishtim found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the ancient Babylonian depiction of the flood story, the god Enlil creates a flood to destroy a noisy mankind that is disturbing his sleep. Gilgamesh is told by another god, Ea, to build an ark (Monack 1). The Epic of Gilgamesh has broadly theRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Floods in Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh588 Words   |  3 PagesThe floods in Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh are in no doubt different but in so many ways similar. The two men are given a task to save humankind from a flood and succeed and are rewarded. The major basic events that take place in the stories a similar however the smaller details of them and how they are carried you are different. They two also tells us a lot about the relationship between humans to Divinity. The floods in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 6-9 are very similar. In both theRead More Comparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark1162 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark Many of the same ancient stories can be found in different cultures. Each story differs in a small way, but the general idea remains synonymous. One story that is paralleled in several cultures is the legend of a great flood. The epic of Gilgamesh resembles the Bible’s story of Noah’s Ark, but specific details differ in several aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of Gilgamesh originates from twelve fire-hardened,Read More Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Myth and Book of Genesis Biblical Flood Myth1792 Words   |  8 PagesComparing the Gilgamesh and Genesis Floods      Ã‚  Ã‚   The rendition of the historic, worldwide Flood recorded in Genesis of the Old Testament is similar to the account recorded on Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian version of the epic of Gilgamesh, discovered in the 1800’s by British archaeologists in Assyria. Let us compare the two in this essay.    Alexander Heidel in his book, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, provides a background for the survivor of the Sumero-BabylonianRead MoreThe Old Testament And The Ancient Near East1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Earth was made, also known as cosmogony. While no ANE literature closely resembles the Old Testament story in Genesis 1-11, some civilization’s parallels point more towards the Hebrew beliefs, such as Akkadian’s Enuma Elish, or the famous Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Babylon. The similarities between the Old Testament and the ANE don’t only exist within their origin stories. In Leviticus, we see the Israelites being given instructions on how to properly execute their sacrifices and worship to

Essay about The Bias of Communication Media and Bias Essay Example For Students

Essay about The Bias of Communication: Media and Bias Essay On the 9th of September 2001, an estimated audience of 2 billion people watched the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York, live on television (Giddens and Sutton, 2013: p766). The notion that information can be spread so fast and to so many receivers is still a relatively new notion to modern society but it has become such an integral part of our everyday lives. As Macionis and Plummer (2012: p762) state, â€Å"this is the time of the media†, with 73% of UK adults accessing the Internet everyday (Ons, 2013). The statistics show that modern media is a huge foundation of our everyday lives, with around 79% of the UK population in 2002 citing television as their main source of world news (Philo and Berry, 20011: p276). Yet how biased is the media we rely on and what is the source of the bias? In this essay, I will seek to address these two concerns, by analysing the forms of media and then the content of media, and examining how these two aspects could be understood as conta ining bias. Over the course of human history it can be seen that the forms of media that have been used can be separated into four broad categories. There are oral cultures, which originated around 100, 000 years ago and are where speech is the only, or primary, means of communication (Macionis and Plummer, 2012: p766). There are writing cultures, where written languages are developed and become the most effective means of communication (ibid). Print cultures developed more recently, beginning with the invention of movable type printing in China as early as 1040 AD, and then more famously by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany around 1450 AD (ibid; Fulcher and Scott, 2011: p360). Finally there are electronic cultures, which are currently what most of humanity’s communic. . ass media in the making unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. 2008. Sociology. 7th ed. London: Collins.Herman, E. S. and Chomsky, N. 1994. Manufacturing consent. London: Vintage.Innis, H. A. 1999. The bias of communication. Toronto Ont.: University of Toronto Press.Innis, H. A. 2007. Empire and communications. Toronto: Dundern Press.Macionis, J. J. and Plummer, K. 2012. Sociology. 5th ed. Harlow, England: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Mcluhan, M. 1975. Understanding media. Kent: Whitstable. Ons.gov.uk. 2013. Internet Access Households and Individuals, 2013 ONS. online Available at: http://www. ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/internet-accesshouseholds-and-individuals/2013/stb-ia-2013.html Accessed: 31 Mar 2014.Philo, G., Berry, M. and Philo, G. 2011. More bad news from Israel. London: Pluto Pres