PROPOSITION 218 Essays - Property Taxes, Politics Of California

Recommendation 218 Presentation California voters have spoken once more. On November 6, they passed (56%) Proposition 218, denoting the proceeded with monetary conservatism of the state's electorate and their dissatisfaction with what has been described as the presumption and wastefulness of government. (SF Chronicle Staff, SF Chronicle: 11/6/96). As Bob Therrien of Ventura expressed in his letter to the LA Times Prop 13 and Prop 218 are the immediate aftereffect of citizen maltreatment by our chosen authorities. Its time for government to do some genuine soul-looking with regards to its obligations, including the privilege of the individuals to have least meddlesome government. (Therrien, LA Times, 10/13/96). There are two essential political effects of Prop 218. The first is to take the ability to impose charges and evaluations out of the hands of nearby government and put it under the control of the general people, and the second is to fortify the control of the State government over nearby issues. Fundamentally, joined with Prop 13, nearby government authorities have been told by its populace - here's a level of duties, expenses, charges and evaluations you can gather from us without approaching our authorization for more. Precisely, this is to some degree weakening in light of the fact that getting voter endorsement is a moderate and, regularly, costly procedure. The timetable of decisions doesn't take into account a fast enough reaction to manage the speed of the present requests. An a valid example has just happened in the City of Inglewood where the City has pulled back its proposal to help money a games field since Prop 218 took out charges expected to bolster this exertion and it would not have the option to go before its voters until April 1997. This has given the City of Los Angeles an advantage in getting another games office at its midtown Convention Center and may cause Inglewood to lose both the Lakers and the Kings, which would bring about a critical negative budgetary effect. (Belgum and Merl, LA Times: 11/8/96).! In another model, the City of South Pasadena chose to drop an uncommon political race for an utility assessment which was planned for December and would have cost $25,000. (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 9/20/96). The LA Times, in a post-political decision article raised an intriguing moment that it said the council and the representative must deal with the immense new weights put on neighborhood governments... Sacramento, presently flush with incomes, should help take care of the issue by reestablishing property charge incomes to nearby government. (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 11/7/96). Albeit a potential transient arrangement, it gives the State government an extra degree of control of neighborhood government activity (the other brilliant guideline - he who has the gold guidelines) and, in actuality, legitimately negates one of the aims of Prop 218's supporters of placing more control in the possession of the neighborhood populace. It is my conclusion that Prop 218 is another part of a creating pattern toward a realignment of American society away from an agent popular government toward a longing for a general majority rule government (regardless of whether this will truly work is another issue through and through). It is a piece of the populace's method of saying to both chosen and delegated government authorities that administration has lost its trust. Foundation In 1978, the California electorate passed Prop 13 which set property charges at a greatest pace of 1% of the property's evaluated worth and restricted yearly appraisal increments to 2% until the property is sold, at which time the appraisal changes with deals cost, or there is development or upgrades to the property. Prop 13 additionally requires endorsement of 66% of the Legislature to raise state expenses and 66% of the neighborhood voters to raise unique assessments. Since the entry of Prop 13, nearby government and the State Legislature have formulated various approaches to money their activities. These have included expanding the utilization of evaluations from capital explicit to income general, extending the utilization of Community Facilities Districts to charge expenses citywide, and charging client type expenses and assessments (for example - utility, inn inhabitance). In spite of the fact that tested various occasions in court, California courts have, by and large, maintained these practices. As per legal advisors at O'Melveny and Myers (a significant California law office which speaks to numerous nearby governments), after a

Human Resource Planning Essay

Goals of HRP: †¢To enroll and hold the human asset of required amount and quality. †¢To anticipate the effect of innovation on work, existing representatives and future human asset necessities, addressing the requirements of the projects of development, broadening and to assess the expense of HR. †¢To improve the guidelines, aptitudes, information, capacity, discipline and so forth. †¢To survey the overflow or deficiency of HR and take gauges in like manner in this manner limiting the unevenness. †¢To keep up amiable mechanical connection by keeping up ideal level and structure of HR. Procedure of Human Resource Planning: 1. Breaking down Corporate Level Strategies: †Human Resource Planning starts with investigating corporate level procedures which incorporate extension, broadening, mergers, acquisitions, decrease in activities, innovation to be utilized, strategy for creation and so on. 2. Request anticipating: †Forecasting the general human asset prerequisite as per the authoritative plans is one of the key parts of interest determining. Estimating of nature of HR like abilities, information, qualities and capacities required notwithstanding amount of HR is done. 3. Breaking down Human Resource Supply: †Every association has two wellsprings of gracefully of Human Resources: Internal and External. Inside, HR can be acquired for specific posts through advancements and moves. When the future interior gracefully is evaluated through human asset review, flexibly of outer HR is broke down. 4. Assessing labor holes: †Manpower holes are distinguished by contrasting interest and gracefully figures. Such correlation will uncover either shortfall or excess of Human Resources later on. Workers evaluated to be insufficient can be prepared while representatives with higher, better abilities might be given more enhanced employments. 5. Activity Planning: †Once the labor holes are distinguished, plans are set up to connect these holes by redeployment of surplus labor. Individuals might be convinced to stop deliberately or conserved. Shortage can be met through enrollment, determination, move and advancement. Considering deficiency of certain gifted representatives, the association needs to take care of enlistment as well as maintenance of existing workers. 6. Changing authoritative plans: †If future flexibly of HR from all the sources is assessed to be lacking or not exactly the necessity, the association ought to think about adjustments or alterations in the hierarchical plans.

Response To Americas Altered States Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Reaction To Americas Altered States Reaction to America's Altered States Joshua Wolf Shenk brings various provocative contentions up in this paper managing the way of life of medications in America. He dismisses the simple responses to inquiries of medication misuse and looks for more profound philosophical significance. His principle postulation raises a fascinating point: America is dependent on both unlawful and legitimate medications. Shenk then endeavors to deliver questions identifying with this point. For what reason are Americans so subject to drugs? What makes a medication fortunate or unfortunate? Shenk comes to no unmistakable end results, yet carries numerous troublesome inquiries to the surface. Americans must distinguish the philosophical reasons of why we want the impacts drugs produce, so as to shape a contemplated supposition on the medication issue of this nation. It is hard to respond to a paper with such a significant number of various focuses, however by and large, I concur that America is dependent on a wide range of medications. I additionally imagine this is an issue, which doesn't have any simple answers. The economy has a ton to do with expanding our reliance on drugs. The inquiries at the base of this ethical difficulty are not effortlessly replied. For what reason do people long for escape from themselves? Is it as a result of the absence of satisfaction present day society gives? Or then again is it part of human instinct, free of time or spot? I don't have the responses to these inquiries, however I do accept that scanning for this break in drugs isn't right. Reliance on a compound of any sort is hindering to one's prosperity. That is the reason I avoid most medications in any conditions. They just do not merit crushing myself for the momentary advantages. List of sources Joshua WOlf Schenk, Americas ALtered States Social Issues

Steroids In Sports, Free Essay Sample

Ethical, Health, and Professional Issues Associated with the Use Steroids in Sports Introduction Steroids, which fall under a category of drugs known as ergogenic aids, are performance enhancers, or any substances that give the user a physical or mental advantage while competing or exercising. Steroids work by inducing or sustaining increased cellular and muscle activity, which in turn boosts the user’s physical performance. The use of ergogenic aid, especially anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS’s) is popular in sports, and it includes energy drinks, caffeine, and illegal substances. Steroids are derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, and its function in the body is to increase metabolism and boost energy output and muscle strength, power, and endurance. Endogenous steroids (testosterone hormone) have a normal range in the body, and drug testing involves checking for results that are outside the normal range than the body produces on its own. A person tests positive when the amount of hormones in the blood stream exceeds what is considered normal. History of Steroids Use in Sports Steroids have their roots in the medical community, where they were originally used to treat various health conditions. Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as treatment for hypogonadism, a medical condition in which the male and female reproductive organs (testes and ovaries, respectively) produces insufficient testosterone for normal growth and sexual functioning. Symptoms of this condition include delayed growth of beards and pubic hair. Accordingly, steroids were used to treat medical conditions like impotence and delayed puberty. Later they found usage in inhibiting the wasting of the body muscles due to HIV infection and other diseases (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2006). In the treatment of impotence, steroids were used to reverse the Klinefelter’s syndrome, a condition where a male has an extra X chromosome, and which was associated with reduced infertility. Use in Sports and Physical Exercises Steroids found their use in sports in the 1960s when professional athletes found out that the male hormone testosterone can enhance performance. Their use became known as â€Å"doping,† in reference to the idea of using performance enhancers to cheat about one’s true performance levels and have an advantage over other competitors. The issue of doping in sports gained prominence following the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) investigation confessions by former professional athletes, and the 2007 and 2014 revelations about doping in the professional baseball, and within Russia’s Olympic Team, respectively (CNN, 2017). These revelations raised serious ethical issues about the integrity and professionalism of competitive sports in light of the unfair performance advantage that dopers gain over their rivals. For example, steroids give energy and muscle strength boost for athletes who compete in weight lifting, sprinting and throwing events. There have also bee n cases of widespread use in physically taxing sports such as Rugby and American Football, boxing and body building. Steroids are popular in these sports because they enhance physical body changes that aid performance, such as increased muscle bulk, increased muscle strength and quick muscle recovery after exerting physical activity. Ethical and Professional Issues Associated with Steroid Use The concept of anabolic essentially refers to body tissues involved in increasing body mass and muscles (New York State Dept. of Health, 2008). Accordingly, using anabolic steroids has the effect of increasing body mass by imitating the action of the body’s natural male hormone, testosterone. Despite these physical changes, steroids do not improve the user’s skill or agility, which are the hallmarks of true sportsmanship. There are many other naturally endowed qualities that determine athletic ability and competence, such as body size, sex, age, and genetics, and of course in addition to training. The use of steroids creates an unfair advantage to users not only because their positive effects are not available to everyone, but also because they do not reflect one’s sporting skills and true competence. At the same time, steroid use has been associated with a number of negative side effects that endanger the health of users. These include decreased sex drive and sperm production, liver disorders, alopecia (baldness), increased cholesterol levels, development of oversized mammary glands in men, interference with the menstrual cycle in females, and increased aggression and mood swings. Of serious concern, however, are the mental effects of long term use of steroids. The negative mental impact of steroids stems from the fact that they do not just make users stronger and faster in physical competitions. In addition, they give users what is known as â€Å"the feeling of a runner’s high† (New York State Dept. of Health, 2008). They make physical exercising to feel good, and it is here that a user’s addictive potential lies since they must use steroids to enjoy physical workouts. Moreover, rehabilitating addicted users poses another challenge in terms of the withdrawal symptoms associated with discontinuation of use. When former addicts stop using anabolic steroids, for example, their bodies ceases the production of androgens and experiences testosterone deficiency, which is associated with brain aging (Holowchak, 2002). Consequently, people who are addicted can exhibit depressive symptoms when they stop using steroids, which makes it difficult to completely stop the habit. To this end, it is arguable whether legalizing the use of ergogenic aid will help to address the problem of doping in professional sports. The aim of preventing doping is not really to limit athletes’ performance to normal limits, but to create a fair playing ground for all participants. Competitive sport is essentially about performance enhancement (Holowchak, 2002, p. 75). It will be counterproductive, in this regard, to seek to limit performance levels. Indeed, it is perfectly okay to improve one’s performance by eating energy foods and vitamins supplements, which could give users an edge over others. The argument that using ergogenic aid does not reflect one’s skill falls on its head when one considers that weight lifters use wrist wraps to strengthen and stabilize their wrists while lifting. The same is seen in basket balls and volleyball, where athletes seek to boost their performance by using wrist wraps. Moreover, the design of shoes and clothing used in sports is intended to optimize performance. Why then, is the use of anabolic steroids a big issue? The argument by opponents is that steroids have long term negative health effects, and that they create an unfair advantage to users (Katz, 2008). If they were legitimized, the issue of unfair advantage will not exist. In any case, it is hypocritical to encourage the use of vitamins supplements and condemn ergogenic aids. The health issue is also contentious due to lack of sufficient empirical evidence regarding its harmful long term effects. According to Norman Fost, professor of pediatrics and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin, anabolic steroids have undesirable effects such as baldness, voice changes and infertility, but they do not present life-threatening risks like sporting itself, yet sports are not prohibited. He states that â€Å"The number of deaths from playing professional football and college football are 50 to 100 times higher than even the wild exaggerations about steroids, and more people have died playing baseball than have died of steroid use† (Katz, 2008). This view suggests that if risk and harm are the reasons for condemning the use of steroids, then some sports like baseball should be prohibited. To conclude, steroid use is prevalent in competitive sporting due to the commercialization of professional athletics. Their use raises ethical, moral and professional issues regarding the integrity of the sports and the negative long term impact on users. Given the controversy surrounding the argument for fairness and health risks, steroids should be banned on grounds of integrity. People compete to demonstrate skill, agility, and competence, and not mere performance. Steroids create a false impression about one’s competence, and should therefore be banned. References CNN. (May 2017). Performance enhancing drugs in sports fast facts. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/06/us/performance-enhancing-drugs-in-sports-fast-facts/index.html Holowchak, A. M. (2002). Ergogenic aids and the limits of human performance in sports: Ethical issues, aesthetic considerations. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 29(1), 75-86.  Katz, J. (2008, January). Should we accept steroid use in sports? ntelligence Squared U.S. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2008/01/23/18299098/should-we-accept-steroid-use-in-sports National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2006, August). What are anabolic steroids? Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/anabolic-steroid-abuse/what-are-anabolic-steroids New York State Dept. of Health. (2008, March.). Anabolic steroids and sports: Winning at any cost. Narcotics enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/Oksman, O. (2016 July). Russian Olympic teams drug usage could have long term effects on athletes health. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/28/russian-olympic-rio-team-drug-steroids-health-effects

Why the 1st Amendment Is the Best - 1142 Words

Amendment Essay By: Christina Ramler Neil Gaiman once said, â€Å"The current total of countries in the world with First Amendments is one. You have guaranteed the freedom of speech. Other countries don’t have that.† At the time of the amendments’ creation, a vast majority of operating countries had not yet granted their people such freedoms. Granting every citizen of the United States this right seemed to have been an important landmark in this nation’s history. Along with others, this right is declared to the people in the first amendment of the constitution. The first amendment is the most important because it grants people freedom of speech, prohibits prior restraint, and declares the right to peaceable assembly. The first amendment†¦show more content†¦This opposing argument is very much invalid. Though they have limitations, the freedom of speech and the first amendment are still very important to this country. These limits help to keep only the truth in pu blic broadcasting and publishing. An example is if a news station does a report that is slanderous, the authorities may act accordingly to declare their lies unconstitutional. The freedom of speech is a privilege to have, and cannot be taken advantage of by telling lies. The first amendment is still very important, and the limitations it has on the freedom of speech help to keep only the truth in the public. Another opposing argument against the first amendment’s importance is the fact that by having no prior restraint in the public, there is a possibility of the people learning about something that they should not know. An example would be the possibility of a terrorist attack. If word leaks out of the possibility of an attack, the country may go into a state of havoc and chaos due to their worry. Some argue that in this situation it may be beneficial to have some sort of prior restraint on the news. Due to the possibility of worrying news leaked to the public, it degrades t he importance of the first amendment because it shows that there is a need for some prior restraint in the government. This lowers the importanceShow MoreRelated Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition Essay examples767 Words   |  4 Pagesof Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition There are three main reasons why we have or need our Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. First, the 1st Amendment gives us our independence. Second, it also gives us the right to express ourselves. Last but not least, it allows people to express themselves without constraint by the government. The 1st Amendment is a very essential freedom that everyone should be entitled to. Our independenceRead MoreEvolution Of Lincoln s Policy On Slavery Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main reasons to why we do not have slavery around anymore, along with some help of other people back then that supported him. Even though, racism still exist today it is not as horrifying and sickening as to how it was before back in the 1800s. Considering the fact that Abraham Lincoln ended slavery, in order to have achieve this he created many policies to permanently put slavery to a final end. Some of these policies were: The Gettysburg Address, the Thirteenth Amendment, Emancipation ProclamationRead MoreIllegal Immigration and the Federalist System Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects every level of government in a significant way. Although the actual effects of illegal immigration are hotly debated, it remains the governments difficult duty to balance the massive amounts of data and diversity of public opinion in order to best accommodate the overall will of its people. In recent times we have witnessed a vast disconnect between what constituents want for their state versus what the nation as a whole considers Constitutionally justifiable. And therefore the necessity ofRead MoreThe Case Of The United States Constitution1354 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutional theory to follow when making judicial decisions since it is more consistent and unbiased than other theories, such as moral constitutionalism for example,. The preceding constitutional theory contains an unjust and improper argument as to why it is successful as opposed to originalism and each other. The theory allows the Constitution to be viewed in the manner in which it was originally intended, thus, preventing bias. Cases such as Coy v. Iowa and District of Columbia v. Heller allow forRead MoreThe State Of Public Schools Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesis not against a â€Å"correct† way of establishing the law. The democratic views are expressed through the judges because while t hey hold powerful titles, they too are human and interpret situations as they best see fit and as long as it adheres to the Constitution. Therefore, despite the ideas of why judicial review is a problem, the action of judges being able to utilize that privileged is important to the structure of the government. The exercise of judicial review was first institutionalized intoRead MoreUniversal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons1293 Words   |  6 Pagescoverage would be increased tremendously, costs would be reduced, jobs would be created, and consumers would be protected. Conversely, it will also raise taxes and wait times, lead to a smaller number of doctors, and infringe on some employers’ 1st amendment rights. Presenting both arguments for and against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act allows one to draw a conclusion on whether the new program will benefit or hinder the citizens of the United States. The Patient Protection and AffordableRead MoreImplementation Plan For A Work Health And Safety ( Whs ) System914 Words   |  4 PagesResponsibility Upgrade Work Health and Safety (WHS) system. Conduct meeting with WHS officer and manage new policy and procedure for work health and safety. Relevant legislation Fair Work Act 2009 ( Cwlth), Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW). 1st December 2016 HR manager (consultation) Managers (meetings) Employees (participate) Improve anti-discrimination policy. Provide weekly training to upskill employees about anti-discrimination procedures. Relevant legislation: Anti-discrimination ActRead MorePresident Of The United States1018 Words   |  5 Pages a man by the name of Abraham Lincoln was given the position not suited for him, and he has misused it to its core. Lincoln denied Habeas Corpus which is one of the many important rights that people have when imprisoned. He has denied the first amendment rights set forth by the constitution by destroying newspaper stands that he deemed were inappropriate, and having citizens arrested for simply standing up for what they believe in. Lincoln also disrupted the checks and balances system by dodgingRead MoreDoes Obama Really Want to Take Our Guns?1100 Words   |  5 Pagescountry has always believed in a citizens right to own a gun. It is a principle that is so important to our country, that it is listed as the second of twenty-seven constitutional amendments. Gun control is a subject of great controversy that carries many true and false claims. Many people believe our second amendment rights are being attacked, and that the government wants to take our guns away. It is my belief that Obama does not want to take our guns, but future administrations may use lawsRead MoreEssay on School Uniforms1047 Words   |  5 Pagesdecreased 34%, fights 51% and there were 32% fewer suspensions. What about those who argue that uniforms are an infringement of the 1st Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America? Well, the Long Beach city school district allows parents to exempt their children from the uniform requirement. However, only 500 parents or guardians have done so. Why? For one because of the above statistics argues Portner and also because it prevents the association of gang colors, whether accidental

Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah and the Flood Essay

Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah and the Flood It is said that life is 10% what you make it and 90% how you take it. It is not the circumstances of life that determine a persons character. Rather, it is the way a character responds to those circumstances that provides a display of who he is. From the Epic of Gilgamesh, as translated by N.K. Sandars, and Noah and the Flood from the Book of Genesis, both Gilgamesh and Noah face similar circumstances, but don’t always respond to them the same way. Accepting immortality and the ultimate powerlessness to be in control of deaths inevitability is something that both Gilgamesh and Noah encounter. Gilgamesh faces the death of his closest companion, Enkidu, with†¦show more content†¦Both Gilgamesh and Noah build arks because of an impending devastation of the earth by rain and flooding. Shamash had warned, In the evening, when the rider of the storm sends down the destroying rain, enter the boat and batten her down. (p. 147) God told Noah, For in seven days time I will make it rain upon the earth, forty days and forty nights, and I will blot out from the earth all existence that I created. (p. 172) Both boats were built to detailed specifications in order to withstand the torrents of rain. Following the cessation of the rain, both Noah and Gilgamesh send out birds as a test of the recession of the waters so that they can safely exit onto the land. Gilgamesh sends first a dove, then a swallow, and then a raven, who, †¦saw that the waters had retreated, she ate, she flew around, she cawed, and she did not come back. (p. 148) Noah first sends a raven which, †¦went to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. (p. 173) He then sends a dove that returns to the ark having found no resting place. After seven days Noah again sends the dove which returns with an olive leaf in its bill. Then Noah knew that the waters had decreased on the earth. He waited still another seven days and sent the dove forth; and it did not return to him any mor e. (p. 173) Both Noah and Gilgamesh, immediately upon leaving their boats, make a sacrifice. Gilgamesh says, Then I threw everything open toShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Gilgamesh And Noah818 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Tower of Babel. However, I will focus on the Epic of Gilgamesh, comparing and contrasting it to the Biblical narrative of Noah. While both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical narrative of Noah explore a global flood, there are key differences in their use of gods and the specific details of the flood. Gilgamesh and the Biblical narrative of Noah seem to parallel each other. First, both have a significant protagonist, Utnapishtim and Noah. Both of them built a boat of some kind, and theyRead MoreGilgamesh VS â€Å"Genesis†: Noah and the Flood1121 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Religion is about turning untested belief into unshakable truth through the power of institutions and the passage of time- Richard Dawkins†. We all know the breath taking story of the Genesis flood, but have we ever noticed how similar it is to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Genesis is the story of how one God created mankind, along with everything else on Earth, and what punishments he put upon them when they acted wrong .Genesis is a chapter in the Holy Bible, which was written in the 18th century B.CRead MoreFlood, Atrahasis Flood And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Flood1354 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the Genesis Flood, Atrahasis Flood and the Epic of Gilgamesh flood, there are many different ways to inte rpret the different views of The Flood. These different narratives in these stories have their own explanation on how this myth took place and the different beliefs that occurred during this flood. The way you portray each narrative is based on what exactly your beliefs are. When comparing the Genesis Flood narrative to that of the Gilgamesh Flood narrative, there are many similarRead More Two Great Floods - The Bible and Epic of Gilgamesh Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Great Floods In both the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh the God or Gods create a flood to destroy mankind. In Gilgamesh,the Gods decide something needs to be done because the humans are being loud and disturbing the Gods. In the Bibles version of the flood story, God regrets creating mankind because the humans have become evil God chooses Noah and his family to start a new beginning. In the Bible God becomes regretful of creating mankind because he sees that they are wicked and theyRead More Flood in Epic of Gilgamish and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Flood in The Epic of Gilgamish and The Bible The story of the great flood is probably the most popular story that has survived for thousands of years and is still being retold today.   It is most commonly related within the context of Judeo-Christian tradition.   In the Holy Bible, the book of Genesis uses the flood as a symbol of Gods wrath as well as His hope that the human race can maintain peace and achieve everlasting salvation.   The tale of Noahs Ark begins with Gods expressionRead More Comparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bibles Noahs Ark642 Words   |  3 PagesComparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and Noahs Ark Many cultures have stories of a great flood, and probably the best known story is of Noahs Ark. The next most notable is the Sumerian story of Ut-Napishtim found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the ancient Babylonian depiction of the flood story, the god Enlil creates a flood to destroy a noisy mankind that is disturbing his sleep. Gilgamesh is told by another god, Ea, to build an ark (Monack 1). The Epic of Gilgamesh has broadly theRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Floods in Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh588 Words   |  3 PagesThe floods in Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh are in no doubt different but in so many ways similar. The two men are given a task to save humankind from a flood and succeed and are rewarded. The major basic events that take place in the stories a similar however the smaller details of them and how they are carried you are different. They two also tells us a lot about the relationship between humans to Divinity. The floods in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 6-9 are very similar. In both theRead More Comparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark1162 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark Many of the same ancient stories can be found in different cultures. Each story differs in a small way, but the general idea remains synonymous. One story that is paralleled in several cultures is the legend of a great flood. The epic of Gilgamesh resembles the Bible’s story of Noah’s Ark, but specific details differ in several aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of Gilgamesh originates from twelve fire-hardened,Read More Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Myth and Book of Genesis Biblical Flood Myth1792 Words   |  8 PagesComparing the Gilgamesh and Genesis Floods      Ã‚  Ã‚   The rendition of the historic, worldwide Flood recorded in Genesis of the Old Testament is similar to the account recorded on Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian version of the epic of Gilgamesh, discovered in the 1800’s by British archaeologists in Assyria. Let us compare the two in this essay.    Alexander Heidel in his book, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, provides a background for the survivor of the Sumero-BabylonianRead MoreThe Old Testament And The Ancient Near East1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Earth was made, also known as cosmogony. While no ANE literature closely resembles the Old Testament story in Genesis 1-11, some civilization’s parallels point more towards the Hebrew beliefs, such as Akkadian’s Enuma Elish, or the famous Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Babylon. The similarities between the Old Testament and the ANE don’t only exist within their origin stories. In Leviticus, we see the Israelites being given instructions on how to properly execute their sacrifices and worship to

Essay about The Bias of Communication Media and Bias Essay Example For Students

Essay about The Bias of Communication: Media and Bias Essay On the 9th of September 2001, an estimated audience of 2 billion people watched the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York, live on television (Giddens and Sutton, 2013: p766). The notion that information can be spread so fast and to so many receivers is still a relatively new notion to modern society but it has become such an integral part of our everyday lives. As Macionis and Plummer (2012: p762) state, â€Å"this is the time of the media†, with 73% of UK adults accessing the Internet everyday (Ons, 2013). The statistics show that modern media is a huge foundation of our everyday lives, with around 79% of the UK population in 2002 citing television as their main source of world news (Philo and Berry, 20011: p276). Yet how biased is the media we rely on and what is the source of the bias? In this essay, I will seek to address these two concerns, by analysing the forms of media and then the content of media, and examining how these two aspects could be understood as conta ining bias. Over the course of human history it can be seen that the forms of media that have been used can be separated into four broad categories. There are oral cultures, which originated around 100, 000 years ago and are where speech is the only, or primary, means of communication (Macionis and Plummer, 2012: p766). There are writing cultures, where written languages are developed and become the most effective means of communication (ibid). Print cultures developed more recently, beginning with the invention of movable type printing in China as early as 1040 AD, and then more famously by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany around 1450 AD (ibid; Fulcher and Scott, 2011: p360). Finally there are electronic cultures, which are currently what most of humanity’s communic. . ass media in the making unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. 2008. Sociology. 7th ed. London: Collins.Herman, E. S. and Chomsky, N. 1994. Manufacturing consent. London: Vintage.Innis, H. A. 1999. The bias of communication. Toronto Ont.: University of Toronto Press.Innis, H. A. 2007. Empire and communications. Toronto: Dundern Press.Macionis, J. J. and Plummer, K. 2012. Sociology. 5th ed. Harlow, England: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Mcluhan, M. 1975. Understanding media. Kent: Whitstable. Ons.gov.uk. 2013. Internet Access Households and Individuals, 2013 ONS. online Available at: http://www. ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/internet-accesshouseholds-and-individuals/2013/stb-ia-2013.html Accessed: 31 Mar 2014.Philo, G., Berry, M. and Philo, G. 2011. More bad news from Israel. London: Pluto Pres

Killing and Letting Die free essay sample

Foot’s calculated article entitled, ‘Killing and Letting Die’ is one which provides arguments through hypothetical situation’s, discrediting opinions and beliefs of other modern philosophers. Its main cause is to locate moral differentiation between the active taking of life versus allowing death to occur by means of not producing assistance. Afterwards Foot applies these beliefs onto the sub-topic of abortion, highlighting flawed examples of pro-abortion arguments she then counters these with her own strong outlooks. In this critical report I intend to analyse the relevance and application of Foot’s arguments highlighting both strengths and weaknesses in Foot’s judgements. Foot opens by expressing that in specific circumstances, for instance our negligence to end third world starvation as opposed to the giving of poisoned food to these starving individuals, our moral agency has a role. This is a sound argument, we have sufficient resources to end starvation with little if any detriment to ourselves yet we fail to provide. We will write a custom essay sample on Killing and Letting Die or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This failure is just as morally wrong as providing poisoned food. This is not to say Foot believes killing and allowing to die are the same. It is merely her belief in this particular circumstance that they are not morally dissimilar. Proceeding this is a hypothetical proposal of two circumstances: One, in which 6 individuals are reliant on the intake of a certain rare drug. One individual requires the full quota of this specific medification in order to live, thus the other five would not receive the drug and would consequentially die. It is therefore clear to Foot that the five should receive the drug and regrettably allow this individual to die. The other, where five persons require organs and to save their life one patient is killed to obtain these for the five in need. The clear moral distinction between these two is the role played by moral agency. We play our part as an ‘agent’ in the death of a person whereas in the other we cannot be held responsible for the eventual outcome- being his death. It is our active involvement in the case of ‘the killing for spare parts’ which is denounced as morally wrong by Foot, whereas in the case of providing the medicine at a lower quantity to the five patients rather than all the medicine to the one patient; we are not an agent in the death as the resources were insufficient to keep the individual alive. Thus Foot concludes a morally justified stance is adopted. This point is further continued in Foot’s ‘Rescue I’ and ‘Rescue II’ cases she offers. Rescue I involves a rescue team hurrying to save five persons from drowning before the receive news of one person threatened by some other happening, they choose to continue to save the five and regretfully allow him to die. This is then contrasted with the hypothetical situation of Rescue 2. Rescue 2, the rescue team are on their way to save the five from drowning when blocking their road is an individual trapped on their route. To continue and save the five the team would have to drive over the individual resulting in certain death. Foot progresses this point by stating, â€Å"We cannot originate a fatal sequence, although we can allow one to run its course. † It is therefore apparent Foot is establishing her stance as against the idea killing and allowing to die are morally divergent. This stance though can be countered with an example proposed by James Rachels which is recognised by Foot. In the first case, a child is intentionally held underwater in the bath until they drown. And in the second an individual see’s the child slip and fall underwater, whilst the child drowns they do nothing. Foot accepts that both are morally wrong however she provides weak and incoherent reasoning for her contradiction. Resorting to an argument involving ‘levels of badness’, as if an untoward deed can be rated on a scale. It is ludicrous to suggest any act of malicious or evil intent can be inferior to another simply because of the outcome. Also Foot suggests that because the two cases differ in their acts, the result cannot be known to be the same. Foot’s established beliefs are then applied to the sub-topic of abortion, and if there are any situations it is morally justifiable to abort a foetus. Foot introduces an argument voiced by Thomson in favour of abortion. Thomson’s belief is that abortion is always morally justifiable as no human being has the right to use of another’s body, therefore the foetus’ rights are waived and the mother’s rights to remove the foetus as a hindrance take precedence. Foot recites Thomson’s flawed example of an dangerously ill individual being hooked to the body of another person without consent in order to survive being similar to that of a pregnant woman. She continues to say if the unconsenting person detaches himself he is not a murderer as the ill person is proving an inconvenience to them. Foot breaks down this argument by showing there is an intrinsic difference between instigating a fatality and not providing the means to continue life. Foot finds that the language used to describe failing to provide the means to survive does not serve purposes of this argument. Foot indicates the word ‘kill’ is unimportant and it is infact the outcome of death is not instigated by an agent it is otherwise allowed to take place. This is relative to the act of abortion as Foot suggests the foetus is dependant on its mother in the same way children depend on their parent’s for food and shelter. Thus Foot hints that the previous suggestions by Thomson are horrendously faulty, by denouncing her comment that a mother’s rights override a foetus’ rights as it hinders her life. Surely this is saying that if an alive child is proving a encumbrance to it’s parents lives it is morally justifiable that they terminate its life. Foot correctly highlights that the arguments hinges upon the audiences perception of a foetus’ moral status. Be it as a human being or otherwise. Foot proclaims that if the foetus should be considered a human being then Thomson’s argument is as similar to ‘the killing of the man for spare parts’. Concluding that the foetus’ status remains at the core of justifying the opposition or support of abortion as an act.

Electronic Voting Machine Essay Example

Electronic Voting Machine Essay Example Electronic Voting Machine Essay Electronic Voting Machine Essay International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic Voting Machine Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray, Member, IACSIT Abstract- Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine it’s government. Governments around the world are increasingly considering the replacement of traditional paper-based voting schemes with electronic voting systems. Elections of Bangladesh are conducted most exclusively using electronic voting machines developed over the past three years. In this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of a digital voting machine using a microcontroller profoundly. Again we also portray counting system of votes, market survey and cost analysis. Index Terms- Voting system, atmega16l microcontroller, voting analysis, security of EVM. I. INTRODUCTION Voting is a crucial device to reveal the opinion of a group on an issue that is under consideration. Based on the promise of greater e? iency, better scalability, faster speed, lower cost, and more convenience, voting is currently shifting from manual paper-based processing to automate electronic-based processing. The term â€Å"electronic voting† characteristically depicts to the use of some electronic means in voting and ensure the security, reliability, guarantee and transferency[1],[2]. Now a day the wide range of application of voting inclu de its use in reality student body elections, shareholder meetings, and the passing of legislation in parliament. Perhaps the most important, in? ential, publicised, and widespread use of voting is its use in national elections. Compared to its traditional paper-based counterpart, electronic voting is considered to have many greater potential bene? ts. These bene? ts include better accuracy by eliminating the negative factor of human error, better coverage for remote locations, increased speed for tally computation, lower operational cost through automated means, and the convenience of voting from any location Whether or not electronic voting is a necessary replacement for the traditional paper-based method, it is irrefutable that the conduct of voting as been shifting to the use of electronic medium. To date, electronic databases are used to record voter information, computers are used to count the votes and produce voting results, mobile devices are used for voting in interactive television shows, and electronic voting machines have been used in some national elections. Generally, the term â€Å"electronic voting† refers to the de? nition, collection, and dissemination of people’s opinions with the help of some machinery that is more or less computer supported. Despite Manuscript received August 15, 2012; revised October 12, 2012. The authors are with the Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (e-mail: [emailprotected] com, [emailprotected] edu. sg) the transition from traditional paper-based systems to electronic medium, the purpose and requirements for voting remain. Voting is a decision making mechanism in a consensus-based society and security is indeed an essential part of voting. The critical role in determining the outcome of an election, electronic voting systems should be designed and developed with the greatest care. However, a number of recent studies have shown that most of the electronic voting systems being used today are fatally defective [3], [4], [5] and that their quality does not match the importance of the task that they are supposed to carry out. Flaws in current voting systems, which were discovered through testing and other analysis techniques, have stimulated a number of research efforts to mitigate the problems in deployed voting systems. These efforts focused on ameliorating security primitives, such as the storage of votes [6], [7] and auditing [8], and on formally assessing and making procedures more effective [9], [10]. Finally, the standards that set the functional and performance requirements against which the systems are developed, tested, and operated have often been found to be inadequate [11], [12], [13]. Among the reasons for concern, critics include vague and incomplete security guidelines, insufficient documentation requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of commercial software. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for which the code is written in assembly language. Various code protection schemes specified by the manufacturer of the microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent or deliberate reading and reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election data contained in the EEPROM of the microcontroller can download into a central computer for tabulations. The security of data in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for each data file created. This process makes it impossible for anyone to substitute wrong or deliberately altered data files at any intermediate stage between the capturing of voter’s intent by the machine and the final results tabulations. Prior to the election, all con? guration data is set up on the counting server. The con? guration is then transferred to the ballot-box server. Con? guration data include: candidate names, polling station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are authenticated as per the traditional paper-based voting, and asked whether they wish to vote electronically or use the traditional paper-based method. A voter choosing to use the traditional paper-based method proceeds by being given a ballot paper, casting the vote on the ballot paper, and placing the ballot paper in a ballot-box. On the other hand, a barcode is chosen at random and is given to the voter choosing to use eVACS. Voter authorisation on the electronic voting booth computer is by 185 DOI: 10. 7763/IJIEE. 2013. V3. 295 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 using the barcode. The electronic voting booth computer communicates the barcode to the ballot-box server for validation and to inform that the voting process is initiating. Upon validation of an invalid barcode, the ballot-box server returns an error message to the voting booth computer. Otherwise, the ballot-box server returns the equivalent of a ballot-paper containing the names of candidates to the voting booth computer. The voter may select the candidates in a particular preference ordering, and restart or complete their selection afterwards. The selection is displayed on the screen forcon? rmation, and the voter is allowed to change or con? rm their selection. The voting booth computer returns a warning given invalid selection or informal vote, however casting invalid or informal vote is allowed. The voter con? ms the selection by using the barcode, and both the vote and a log of key sequence pressed are then communicated to the ballot-box server. The ballot-box server checks that the same barcode is used to initiate the server counts the votes, and produces a voting result. II. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Fig. 1. Block diagram of digital voting system Fig 2. Circuit diagram of the digital voting system A. Circuit Description The high level digital voting machine built with ATmega16 Micro controller. The Micro controller port D uses for LCD display and port C. (pin 22) uses for voting power or presiding officers button. The candided button input from Port C. 1 – C. 4 (pin 23 to 26; 4 candided). The output LED and buzzer uses Micro controller port C. 5 and C. 6. The LCD backlight also connected to port C. 7 via a transistor. At the starting of voting the election commission offices setup the machine at the centre. Then power on the switch and sealed it that nobody can power off. The presiding officer identifies the original voter of that particular area and pushes the voting power button. The voting power LED glow then and continue it until once press the candided buttons. The voter then goes to the secret room where Voting unit placed and press button beside his candided symbol. Voter can watch success of voting by glowing confirmation LED and beep indication. The presiding officer can also hear beep sound watch a confirmation LED. Same time the voting power goes down and nobody can vote again. Mainly when presiding officer press voting power button, Micro controller start scanning from pin 23 to pin 26. When get response from a specific pin, increase the counter one of that candided and stop scanning. So it is not possible to voting twice or more. All the counter result store at Micro controller EEPROM. When the voting is under process it will showed at display â€Å"Voting under Process†. At the end of voting we need to know result. Then election commission or presiding officer presses the secret key (password). Now the Micro controller shows the result and supply the power to LCD backlight that it illuminated. If it needs to return voting process again one should press another secret key. There uses a transistor to operate buzzer and confirmation LED with proper current. There also uses a voltage regulator (7805) to supply 5v continuously. Here uses a dry cell 9V battery as power source. The power consumption of the system is very low (50mW150mW varying). After collected data and need erase recorded data from EEPROM just broken the sealed on power button and power off the system. Now the system is ready for next election. This measurement System includes the following components: Voting Unit Control Unit Confirmation Unit Display Unit (LCD) Power Supply Unit B. Voting Unit Fig. 3. Output circuit diagram of the digital voting system Fig. 4. Voting 186 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 Fig. 5. Confirmation unit In this Voting unit we have been used five button switch and five 2. 2K? resister which connected to the five button switches. C. Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices. These devices are output transducers converting electrical energy. As power is applied this mechanical device will energize and by doing so interrupt the power source and the cycle continue until the power is removed. The frequency of oscillation is strictly dependent on mechanical inertia. The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The Red lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground. D. Light Emitting Diode (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, 187 mproved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn signals, and indicators) as wel l as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances E. Controller Unit A control unit in general is a central part of the machinery that controls its operation, provided that a piece of machinery is complex and organized enough to contain any such unit. One domain in which the term is specifically used is the area of computer design. In this work Microcontroller ATMEGA 16L is used as the controller unit which controls the sensed signal. A single highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just mean that they are part of an embedded system that is, one part of a larger device or system. F. Power Supply Unit Power supply is a very important part of electronic circuit this circuit required fixed +5 V supply so to fix this voltage we needed voltage regulator. In this work used 7805 Voltage regulator which output fixed +5 volt. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load conditions. There are two types of voltage regulators: linear and switching. A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or MOSFET) pass device (series or shunt) controlled by a high gain differential amplifier. It compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a constant output voltage. G. Display Unit Display device shown the result of the measuring instrument. A observer can see the result and observe the temperature of electrical machine. In this work we used a 216 character LCD (LM016L) display. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. H. Printed Circuit Board A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the implest commercially produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are pu blished by the IPC organization. Pin descriptions of ATmaga16L Microcontroller VCC: Digital supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port B (PB7 PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the unction’s of various special features of the ATmega16. Port C (PC7 PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16. Port D (PD7 PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16. Port A (PA7 PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. AVCC Fig. 6. Printed circuit board (pcb) of this voting system I. Pin Configurations Discription Fig. 7. Pin configuration of Atmega16L microcontroller[14] AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if 188 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 he ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. III. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Flowchart of Program: user. In both of the systems that we analyzed, we found major security vulnerabilities that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the voting process. The results of our study suggest that there is a need for a drastic change in the way in which electronic systems are designed, developed, and tested. Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to define novel testing approaches that take into account the peculiar information flow of these systems, as well as the combination of computer security mechanisms and physical procedures necessary to provide a high level of assurance. Electronic voting software is not immune from security concerned. Here we describe Hack-a-vote, a simplified DRE voting system that we initially developed to demonstrate how easy it might be to insert a Trojan horse into a voting system. In case of a discrepancy, there either must be a row with the fresh random number. But without a mark of the voter or the alignment information on the ballot and on the receipt must differ. The proof consists either of a row containing the fresh random number but no mark without revealing which row this is or the proof consists of the two differing alignment bar codes without showing the mark at all. After the publication of the receipts the situation is analogous to the paper based schemes above as the voter possesses a correct receipt as electronic evidence. In addition to using unforgivable receipts with a special paper one can assume a trusted printer containing a chip card this printer could have the chip card and print the signature to the receipt. Having two in dependent ways to proved receipt to be not a forgery is a big advantage. REFERENCES D. Balzarotti, G. Banks, M. Cova, V. Felmetsger, R. A. Kemmerer, W. Robertson, F. Valeur, and G. Vigna, â€Å"An Experience in Testing the Security of Real-World Electronic Voting Systems,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. 4, 2010. [2] A. Villa? orita and K. Weldemariam, and R. Tiella, â€Å"Development, Formal Veri? ation, and Evaluation of an E-Voting System with VVPAT,† IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009. [3] Y. D. Wagner, M. Bishop, T. Baker, B. D. Medeiros, G. Tyson, M. Shamos, and M. Burmester, â€Å"Software Review and Security Analysis of the ES I Votronic 8. 0. 1. 2 Voting Machine Firmware,† Technica l report, Security and Assurance in Information Technology Laboratory, 2007. [4] T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A. Rubin, and D. Wallach, â€Å"Analysis of an Electronic Voting System,† in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 27-40, 2004. [5] E. Proebstel, S. Riddle, F. Hsu, J. Cummins, F. Oakley, T. Stanionis, and M. Bishop, â€Å"An Analysis of the Hart Intercivic DAU eSlate,† in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2007. [6] D. Molnar, T. Kohno, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, â€Å"Tamper-Evident, History Independent, Subliminal-Free Data Structures on PROM Storage-or-How to Store Ballots on a Voting Machine (Extended Abstract),† in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 365-370, 2006. [7] J. Bethencourt, D. Boneh, and B. Waters, â€Å"Cryptographic Methods for Storing Ballots on a Voting Machine,† in Proc. of Network and Distributed System Security Symp, 2007. 8] S. Garera and A. Rubin, â€Å"An Independent Audit Framework for Software Dependent Voting Systems,† in Proc. of ACM conf. Computer and Comm. Security, pp. 256-265, 2007. [9] J. Hall, â€Å"Improving the Security, Transparency and Efficiency of California’s 1 Percent Manual Tally Procedures,† in Proc. of Usenix/ Accurate Ele ctronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. [10] K. Weldemariam and A. Villafiorita, â€Å"Modeling and Analysis of Procedural Security in (e) Voting: The Trentino’s Approach and Experiences,† in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. [11] R. Hite, â€Å"All Levels of Government are needed to Address Electronic Voting System Challenges,† Technical report, GAO, 2007. [1] Fig. 8. Flowchart of program IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS This work contributed to three very basic research questions arising: in the context of verifiable elections. First, we discussed the problem of keeping ballot secrecy to a certain extent in the case of a corrupted doting machine or voting authority. Our contribution to this is an approach where all secret information is encapsulated in the voting machine. Second, we considered the attack of receipt stealing and manipulation of the corresponding votes. Here we proposed a novel approach of linking all receipts by a hash chain such that each single receipt guards the integrity of all receipts issued previously. Together with a display in the polling place this approach shortens the time window in which an adversary can perform the ballot stealing attack without almost zero risk. Third, we discussed in detail the possibility of contesting an election based on the evidence provided by the verifiable election scheme. We compared the situation for Bingo Voting to the evidence provided by paper based schemes. We shortly sketched an approach to prove an error or a manipulation in the voting booth without violating ballot secrecy. However, this was only a proof of concept and for a practical application the usability of this approach needs to be further improved. V. CONCLUSION As part of these exercises, we devised a testing methodology, developed new tools that are specifically tailored to the security analysis of these systems, and learned a number of lessons, all of which should be of use to other 189 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 [12] M. Gondree, P. Wheeler, and D. D. Figueiredo, â€Å"A Critique of the 2002 FEC VSPT E-Voting Standards,† Technical report, Univ. of California, 2005. [13] R. Mercuri. Voting System Guidelines Comments. [Online]. Available: http:// www. wheresthepaper. org/VVSGComment. pdf, 2005. [Online]. Available: [14] Atmel. atmel. com/Images/doc2466. pdf Mr. Diponkar Paul is currently working as Assistant Professor in the department of Electrical and Electronic engineering at World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. wub. edu. bd ). After passing his master degree from March 2008 he was serving as Assistant Professor, EEE at Bangladesh University upto July 2010. He is having qualifications: B. Sc. Engg. , DISM (software engineering), M. Sc. Engg. His research interests are in the area of energy conversions, power system modeling and advanced control theories covering the application of IT. From 0ct 2004 to July 2006, he was working as Lecturer in department of computer science and engineering at Pundra University of science technology, Bogra. In Singapore during his master dgree at Nanyang technological university, he was involved in financial service operation integrated to IT system administration jobs from Dec 2006 to February 2008. Mr. Sobuj Kumar Ray was born in 1987, Bogra, Bangladesh. Mr. Ray received his Bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh in April 2010. He is now Assistant Manager (Technical) in DESCO. Mr. Ray worked at Internal University of Business Agriculture and Technology in the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. iubat. edu) from 12th July 2010 to 1st October, 2012. He is enthusiastic on researcher on control system and Power System. 190

Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Article Summary - Essay Example The author herself says that she combines all these, incongruous at the first sight, painting styles and cultures trying to find the lost identity. Hayv Kahraman is twenty eight, she was born in Baghdad and she is very proud of being an Iraqi; at the age of ten she mowed to Sweden with all her family, then she started attending school at the Academy of Art and Design in Florence; Hayv studied graphic design, but displayed a great interest in classical arts. In the academy she met her future husband and together they moved to Arizona. For the first time Hayv Kahraman felt depressed and was so to say isolated from the world of Art so, she put all her energy into her pictures. Five of her works were bought by Charles Saatchi a lot of other pictures were displayed and sold during different exhibitions held in the Third Line gallery in Dubai and the New York gallery. The Kahraman’s recent works consolidated under the name â€Å"Domestic Marionettes† reflect the authors consi derations about the women’s life in the

Supply Chain Management and Logistics Assignment

Supply Chain Management and Logistics - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that Toyota should adopt Omni-channel systems by focusing to change organization, which is the execution of developments relating to heightening delivery. The way to go is Omni-channel configuration, which is propelling impact of having attributes and information open over all channels. Organization incorporates leveraging customer experience chances, process upgrades.This paper stresses that one explanation behind changing supply chains are new circulation methodologies, which are controlled by expanding client administration desires, developed business sector scope, immediate channel structures, long haul channel connections, and developing gainfulness, stabilization, and vindication. Directors should unequivocally characterize the aspects and necessities of any key organization. Exact methods and guidelines must be created with the goal, control, and consistency of yield increment across all the departments. Moreover, supervisors have to play their part by instilling trust and responsibility among employees through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) codes.  Toyota is a multibillion-dollar company that manufactures and supplies motor vehicles. They have a supply chain management categorized under operational and strategic. They use Strategic decisions for choices over a longer period horizon.  Production decisions are made based on the products to be produced and the various production centers, allocation of various suppliers to production plants, and to customer markets.

Cell Phone in Life Essay Example for Free

Cell Phone in Life Essay In modern life, cell phone is an indispensable tool to all people. To everyone, a cell phone is a magic tool, which is a mean of telecommunication, an entertainment device and a great work supporter. To me, I cannot imagine how I can live without my phone. The basic function of a cell phone is to connect people. We use our cell phones to communicate with the other ones. For example, we can talk to parents and send our love to them in a thousand mile away in a second. We can help people who are in an emergency with a finger. Or simply, we can gather our friends to hang out have fun with easy calls or texts. A cell phone is a magic tool, which can help us contact people only with a hand. Moreover, a cell phone is an excellent tool we need for our studying and business. At school, some applications of cell phone help us solving the problems in class. For example, we can record the lectures of professors in class and watch his lecture again at home in order to better understand the knowledge, or when applying knowledge, we can take some pictures in the lab class to observe our lab results better. At work, our cell phones can be a USB to store data, or a mini computer to send our report, and even a small portable computer to surf the Internet, which is essentially important to every businessman. A cell phone is vital to an entrepreneur or a student‘s career. Finally, another advantage of cell phones is to entertain. In our cell phones, we can store our favorite songs to listen to when feeling sad, videos and pictures of our beloved ones to view when we miss them, which makes us happier. We can also play games in our cell phones, helping us burning off stress and starting to feel happy again. Without cell phones, our life would be much less enjoyable. For instance, your best friend is upset about problems of her or his family. You can comfort her or him by your favorite songs, and then look for something fun, like game or funny video to relax. With a cell phone, we will never have to be sad for a long time. Today, everybody prepares himself or herself with a cell phone, like a vital thing in his or her modern life. As the cell phones are improved with advance functions, they will make our lives more convenient and comfortable. People are advised to equipped themselves with a cell phone to improve their lives.

Viacom Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Viacom formed when FCC rules had forced CBS to spin off some of its cable TV and program operations, this happened in 1971. Viacom then buys WAST-TV in 1979, in 1985 Blockbuster Video is founded, in 1981 the NAI buys majority interest ( Sumner Redstone owns this), in 1994 Viacom announces multi-transponder, multi-satellite agreement with PanAmSat. Also in 1994 Viacom and Paramount announces 8.4 billion dollar merger, Viacom then sells its 33% share of Lifetime. In 1995 Viacom spins off its cable systems for Tele-communications, in 1999 Viacom bought CBS for 50 billion dollars. There are other acquisitions and selling’s through which Viacom became so large, but I did not include every little thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sumner M. Redstone has been chairperson since 1987, he did not become CEO of the company until 1996. However, Mel Karmazin became president and CEO of Viacom in May 2000. He was previously the president of CBS and he oversees all the operations of the corporation. He joined CBS in 1997 where he was chairperson and CEO and when Infinity merged with CBS radio he was chairperson there from 1981, until Infinity became a full subsidiary of Viacom in Feb. 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Viacom is a leading global media company, with many positions in broadcasting cable, television, radio, outdoor advertising, and online. With programming it appeals to audiences in every category across all media, the company is a leader in the creation, promotion, and distribution of entertainment, news, sports, music, and comedy. Viacom’s well known brands include CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, Nick at Nite, VH1, BET, Paramount Pictures, Infinity Broadcasting, Viacom Outdoor, UPN, TV Land, Comedy Central, CMT: Country Music Television, and Showtime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the Broadcast and Cable Television that were by Viacom are some of the following: CBS Television Network is the Number one most watched network with more than two hundred stations providing viewers with some of the nation’s best entertainment, news and sports programming. Popular programs include CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Everybody Loves Raymond, Survivor, the Late Show with David Letterman and 60 Minutes. Sports stations however, include the NFL and the NCAA Basketball Championship. Daytime drama The Young and The Restless leads a daytime pr... ... however promise by Viacom itself. The $50 billion merger between Viacom and CBS Corporation was completed in May 2000. Viacom is now the second largest media worldwide after AOL Time Warner, with 1999 sales of over $12 billion. The CBS-Viacom merger creates the second largest media conglomerate, controlling more TV and radio stations than any other and the feature of the announced takeover of CBS by Viacom was how little public attention it attracted. There the deal was announced by Viacom Chairman Sumner Redstone and CBS President, Viacom now has its eye on synergy, one of the world's largest media companies in the world. Viacom spans movies, television, radio, the internet, and it owns BET (Black Entertainment Television), CBS, Paramount Pictures, the United Paramount Network (UPN), MTV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, Viacom productions is used everywhere in the world today, many of it’s business are dealt with motion pictures, broadcast television, cable television, radio and outdoor, retail and recreation, publishing, online, and many other things around us. Viacom is one of the best programs I think we have as far as the TV programs much more.

Inclusive Education Essay

This report details the role of educational inclusion, individual and general perspectives on inclusion and how the medical and social models have played a great part in the conception and in its application in regards to inclusion in the past and in recent times. Inclusion has different conception and used in certain terminology that relates to inclusion. It is used in different settings such as in social care and in the educational setting in the society today. In this report I will be focusing on the educational part. The Encarta English Dictionary defines inclusion as the addition of somebody or something to the rest of a whole. This definition has not specified who is to be included but a person or group being part and accepted by the rest of a whole. Inclusion have been defined and interpreted by many as just the integration of children with special educational needs (SEN) into mainstream school. According to (Rigby 2000) these kinds of misconception and viewpoints often lead to the misunderstanding and maltreatment in such a way that it creates room for continuous labelling, bulling and rejection by others without SEN. The term Inclusion according to (The Warnock 1978 Report) was initially used as integration, whereby children with SEN who have been educated in special schools where integrated into mainstream school provided they did not have any effect on adequate use of resources. The definition of inclusion is actually changing and moving, in the sense that, its concept and dynamism is now broader, people are now beginning to fully understand what it means and what it evolve in the society today. It is not just about people with special needs integrating or having the same capabilities to perform but having equal choices on where is more conducive they choose to live, having equal opportunity to engage in whatever they choose to do and being accepted the way they are (Giangreco 1997). Social Inclusion/ Social Exclusion There are no definite definitions for social inclusion and social exclusion, both of them has multiply definitions, it all depends on the context which it is used for and is still being developed. Exclusion can be defined as the act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded (Inc Icon Group International 2008). According to the definition above, it indicates that social exclusion is multidimensional; people are not only excluded in the society because of their age, sex, religion, colour, disabilities, race and gender it can also be due to unemployment, homelessness, low income, poor mental health, locality, dysfunctional family, educational achievement, status in the society etc (SEU 2004). This group of people are said to be in a Cycle of Disadvantage ( Pope, Pratt and Hoyle, 1986). Article (136 and 137) of The (1997) Amsterdam Treaty was enacted in order to eliminate exclusion and promote economic and social cohesion. Social inclusion promotes integration and community cohesion, it builds the communities, promotes understanding and unity. Inclusive Education and Government Legislation According to (The 1944 Educational Act) it initially stated that, children’s education should be based on their age, aptitude and ability. During the Act establishment, there was a philosophy that children with special need were to be able fit in the school rather than the school making provision to accommodate them before gaining admission into the mainstream school. The (1944 Act) was in use until 1974, when the Warnock Committee was set up to review the provision that was available for children with Special Educational Need. This committee which was headed by Mary Warnock lead to the publication of the 1978 Warnock Report. The Report concluded that, they were about 20% of children in school population that might have Special Education Need and only 2% of which may require support in the mainstream school. The Warnock Report suggested that there should be a proper provision in place for children with Special Educational Need, which then will ensure that the 2% in mainstream school received the adequate provision. The 1978 Warnock Report had since lead to the enactment and development of various educations Act such as, (1981Education Act), (1993 Education Act), (1996 education Act) and the (2001 Special Educational Needs & Disability Act) All these Acts listed above reinforces government’s dedication and commitment to the fully inclusion of children with Special Education Needs into mainstream school and the society as a whole. Inclusive Education and Autism  Abraham Maslow formed a theory on ones personality that has a great influence on education. In his theory of human need, he emphasized that, the student with education need that has a wish or desire to belong to a normal group, that desire creates the motivation to acquire new skills, which the student can only achieve in a learning environment that is void of segregation. He further argued that the sense of belonging is the foundational need that that needs to be met in order to achieve the higher level self actualization. According to (Article 28) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, it stated that every child has a right to education. No child should be discriminated, excluded or deprived on the basis of belonging to a particular group. Therefore Inclusive education can be defined as the integration of adults or children into mainstream school regardless their gender, age, disabilities, ethnicity, colour or impairment (Daniels and Garner 2000). Children with hidden disabilities like autism, which is a life time disability that affects the way a child communicates and interact within the society, are faced with difficulties of being fully included into mainstream school. Prior to the development of the Special Need Education, children with autistic spectrum were viewed under two models of disabilities, Medical or Social Model. These are ways how people viewed and acted towards people with disabilities. The Medical Model of Disability sees the illness in the person first and the individual second, this notion creates a bad and negative conception of disability (Cigman 2007). The Social Model of Disability sees the disable person first before their illness. This model sees the person as an individual, different and unique, who has an equal rights and opportunities to education and other essentials of life. The model recognises the fact that a disable person’s impairment does not regard him or her less than anyone else in the society.

The Common Health Inequalities Of New Zealand Essay

Introduction Everyone should have equal rights and privilege to live and be treated fairly in every aspect of human life. Health in humans is the ability of each individual or communities to adapt and cope to challenges in relation to social, physical, or mental aspects. In this paper we will tackle about some of the common health inequalities that most Maoris and non-maoris have experienced while looking for healthcare services, and on how such healthcare inequalities can be reduced. New Zealand has a rich and fascinating unique history, depicting its early settlers from Maoris until the colonization of the British Crown. The discovery of New Zealand comes a long way back from more than 700 years ago. Learning ones history is like seeing the foundation of the past and how it actually get influenced by a lot of factors such as time, people, and many more. It all starts from the agreement signing of the Treaty of Waitangi or also called Te Tiriti o Waitangi in Maori language. It is a mutual agreem ent between the British crown and Maori tribes when the British crown claimed New Zealand as a colony in 1840 and it stays to be vastly significant in defining the connection between MÄ ori and Pakeha (non-Maori) until present. The health status of aboriginal people internationally differs from their peculiar, historic, administrative, and public circumstances. New Zealand is a multinational country which includes an amount of diverse ethnic groups such as European, Pacific Islander,Show MoreRelatedThe Health Issues Of Inequalities Within Healthcare Interaction Between Maoris And Non- Maoris Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper will shows the health issues of Inequalities within healthcare interaction between Maoris and non- Maoris in New Zealand, barriers in resolving the issues and measurement being implemented to solve this issue. Globally, healthcare practitioners encounter health issues whenever and wherever they work. There are common health issues practitioners may come across wherever they work such as inequalities within healthcare interactions; different cultures, practice, values and believe ofRead MoreHpv Immunisation Programme And The New Zealand Public Health And Disability Act 2000 Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages HPV IMMUNISATION PROGRAMME According to the Ministry of Health, in New Zealand, about 160 women develop cervical cancer each year – and about 50 die from it. This has led to different programmes implemented to minimize the incidence of cervical cancer. These programmes include HPV immunisation before the exposure to the infection and regular cervical smear tests for adult once they are sexually active. This paper will focus on HPV Immunisation Programme, the reason behind its implementation, whoRead MoreCardiovascular Disease : The Common Health Issue Among Maori Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION This essay consists of a health issue relevant to Maori population. I identified cardiovascular disease as the common health issue among Maori. The essay explores the details of CVD and relevant demographics. The importance of treaty of Waitangi in this contest and the historical factors relevant to CVD are explained. Finally, identified a significant health policy related to CVD and explained one community health service related to the identified health strategy. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASERead MoreHealth Issues Of The New Zealand Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn New Zealand Maori’s are facing many health related issues. This essay is about a health issue relevant to Maori population. Cardiovascular disease as the most common health issue among Maori. The essay explores the details of CVD and its relevant demographics. The importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in this context and explained the historical factors relevant to CVD. Finally, a significant health policy related to CVD is described and a community health programme is identified to implement theRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And The Rights Of The Maori People Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles behind it and the relevance to the health and wellbeing of the Maori people in New Zealand. The Cultural Safety and other principles that are considered in the healthcare practice will also be tackled. While most of the discussion is focused on the treaty, cultural safety and M aori health various concerns are also considered to provide a suitable foundation on the topic. The treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of New Zealand. It is meant to be a partnership of the Maori peopleRead MoreDifferences Between Gender And Social Division Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pages Any society displays a certain degree of inequality. Researches, studies or media analysis in various fields such as history, sociology, philosophy or anthropology highlight the existence of at least one social division at any given time in the history of mankind. The issue raised and analysis below is â€Å"to what extend is social division in Aoteroa New Zealand organised around gender relations†. Gender relation refers to differences that appear in all aspects of men and women lives and how theseRead MoreThe Medical Models Of Health1575 Words   |  7 PagesModels of Health Technology, inventions, science, cures, research, medicine and medical practice have all changed and grown over the past 150 years as the human race gains a greater understanding about the world around us. It is therefore undeniable that medical models of health should follow in this trend, from the introduction of generalised treaties such as the Alma Ata to specified reports such as that of the Black report have help guide models of health towards that of the social model and awayRead MoreInequality Of New Zealand s Society Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesInequality in New Zealand s society is an ongoing issue in the present, prior to the 1980s, New Zealand was one of the most equal countries in the world but in the two decades from the mid-1980s onwards, the division between the rich and the underprivileged increased faster than anywhere else in the world. Inequality is both a relatively modern concept, and one which has existed for as long as humankind have been on earth, whether it’s Gender inequality, Racial and ethnic inequality, Age inequalityRead MoreCervical Cancer Screening Programmes For The Women Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagespopular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolled in this programme and 95 % are eligible. The Cervical Cancer screening programmeRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On New Zealand1469 Words   |  6 PagesDRINK. Alcohol is the most commonly used recreational drug in Aotearoa New Zealand. While females traditionally consume less alcohol than males, there are a number of reasons for looking more closely at women and their consumption and related harm. Females may be more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol than males, with a number of factors that can contribute including body size and composition, age and genetics. The other health risks associated with high alcohol consumption by females, includes breast